Stalk-eyed fly (Richardia.) This is the male -- the female has shorter stalks. Males use the eye stalks to shove each other about when competing for females. When these flies leave their pupal stage their optic nerves are coiled and their eye stalks are much shorter. They apparently inflate the eye stalks by pumping air into them. Very cool and one of a number of stalk-eyed flies found in lowland Costa Rican forest.
Harvestmen and daddy longlegs are two of the common names applied to Opiliones. This one is the only specimen I've seen and I've not been able to ID him. That's not unusual. There are millions of arthropod species in the remaining areas of tropical wet forests. Not to be too glum, but given the ongoing destruction of these areas, thousands of species will become extinct before they are properly described by scientists.
Scale insects are often legless, oddly shaped little critters that attach themselves to plants and feed from them. The scale insect excretes sugar-rich "honeydew", and this substance is of great interest to ants, which will happily hang about the scale insect and wait for it to poop out a droplet. As it happens, ants deter tiny wasps and flies, which may parasitize the scale insect. This photo shows an ant lapping up a tiny bubblet of honeydew. A sweet deal, so to speak.
I'm going with Theclinae as the genus (the family being Lycaenidae), which are commonly known as blues or hairstreaks and probably a couple of other names. I've read that the tassels on the hind edges of the wings may mimic antennae and provide some protection from bird strikes via confusion. This little butterfly also gently moves its outer wing up and down, exposing the brilliant blue color and perhaps creating the illusion of a blinking eye to predators. That's just a personal theory and is unsupported by any evidence or even moderately deep knowledge of butterfly behavior.
Beetle. (Family Chrysomelidae suspected.)
Seriously challenging to ID this tiny iridescent green beetle once it rolled itself into a ball -- but it made a nice picture! Family Chrysomelidae is suspected.
Spider building egg case. She first suspended a leaf from multiple threads of web. She is now building the pad on which to lay her eggs. She will then cover them with more web, draw the sides of the leaves together to form a little packet and either leave it hanging or winch it up close to a plant stem. At least, that's what I've observed.
This photo shows an 8-9mm Costa Rican trap-jaw ant with her jaws in the open position. Her genus is Odontomachus. If you stretch or enlarge the photo, you can see the tiny setae arrayed along the inside of the jaw. Her jaws will slam shut if these hairs come into contact with prey. I frequently see these ants (as well as another species of trap-jaw) in the forest. They move slowly by ant standards and are relatively easy to photograph.
I believe these were built by a potter wasp and contained eggs. The wasp probably provisioned them with insects that it paralyzed and stuffed into the chambers before sealing them. If you want to see more of the amazing egg cases and nests built by arthropods there is a special section on this site under "Insect eggs."
This little (4mm) potter wasp (Eumeninae) built the cells she will use to rear her young on an abandoned length of fishing line. In this photo, she was still building the cells, laying eggs, or provisioning the cells. It was night and she had clamped onto the line with her mandibles to rest. Many wasps and bees do this when they rest.